Y_NT4_Lesson-9_Expert

PART A_1

We will read aloud the words below. Please repeat after me. I will check your pronunciation.

単語を音読します。講師に続いて読みましょう。講師は発音を確認します。

(Please send the mispronounced words and expressions to your student.)

PART A_2

statements	述べること、陳述、声明
relevant	関連のある
implicit	暗に示された、暗黙の
incomplete	不完全な、不十分な
convey	運ぶ、伝える
interpret	解釈する、説明する、理解する
principle	原理、法則
quantity	量

PART A_3

Now, let’s review some words from part A_2.

ではいくつかの単語を復習してみましょう。

(Please review the mispronounced words and expressions from part A_2.)

PART A_4

PART B_1

Please read aloud the passage below. I will check your pronunciation and intonation.

文章を読みます。講師が発音、イントネーションについて確認します。

(Please send the mispronounced words and expressions to your student.)

PART B_2

Have you ever wondered if it would be possible for humans to have a natural conversation with computers? Well, the answer is no. There are a lot of factors behind it. One of them is that the human language contains statements that are sometimes implicit in meaning. This kind of statements could not be understood by computers as they sound incomplete to them. Implicit statements convey messages that are not expressed clearly. For instance, the sentence “There’s a really good Italian restaurant near my house” could have different meanings depending on the situation. Some people may interpret this as simply giving information. While others may take this as an invitation to eat at the restaurant.

Listeners interpret implicit statements based on situations. So, to avoid confusions, a British linguist named Paul Grice came up with a rule of conversations which he called the Cooperative Principle. Grice suggested four standards to have a natural conversation which are the quantity, quality, relation, and manner. For quantity, speakers should give the proper amount of information needed. Meanwhile, they are also expected to give true and complete information. They should also give information that is relevant to the topic. Lastly, speakers should always be clear and direct.

Due to the kind of statement mentioned above, it would be impossible for humans and computers to converse in human language.

PART B_3

Now, let’s review some words and sentences from part B_2.

ではいくつかの単語、文章を復習してみましょう。

(Please review the mispronounced words and sentences from part B_2.)

PART B_4

PART B_5

I will ask the following questions. Please answer based on the passage. I will check if your sentences are complete and if the grammar is correct.

講師が以下の質問をします。読んだ内容をもとに答えましょう。講師は文法と完全な文章で答えられているかを確認します。

(Please send the sentences that need grammar corrections to your student.)

PART B_6

1.	Why can’t computers understand implicit questions?
Answer:		.
2.	What do implicit statements convey?
Answer:		.
3.	How do listeners interpret implicit statements?
Answer:		.
4.	Who came up with the Cooperative Principle?
Answer:		.
5.	What are the four standards to have a natural conversation?
Answer:		.

PART B_7

Now, let’s review your answers.

では、あなたの答えを復習してみましょう。その後、修正したあなたの答えを読んでみましょう。

(Please review your student’s answers by sending the correct answers in complete sentences. After that, ask your student to read aloud his or her corrected answers.)

PART B_8

PART C_1

Please construct sentences using each word below.

以下の言葉を使って文章を作りましょう。

PART C_2

statement		.
interpret		.
incomplete		.
convey		.
quantity		.

PART C_3

Now, let’s review some words from part C_2.

ではいくつかの単語を復習してみましょう。

(Please review the mispronounced words and expressions from part C_2.)

PART C_4

PART D_1

I will ask the following questions. Please answer based on your opinion. I will check if your sentences are complete and if the grammar is correct.

講師が以下の質問をします。あなたの意見をもとに答えましょう。講師は文法と完全な文章で答えられているかを確認します。

(Please send the sentences that need grammar corrections to your student.)

PART D_2

1.	Do you often use implicit statements during conversation?
Answer:		.
2.	Do you agree that people should avoid using implicit statements during conversation?
Answer:		.
3.	What kind of topics do you like to talk about?
Answer:		.
4.	What makes a conversation interesting?
Answer:		.
5.	What are some good habits you have in conversations?
Answer:		.
6.	What makes a conversation difficult for you?
Answer:		.
7.	Why do you think some people use implicit statements?
Answer:		.

PART D_3

Now, let’s review your answers.

では、あなたの答えを復習してみましょう。その後、修正したあなたの答えを読んでみましょう。

(Please review your student’s answers by sending the correct answers in complete sentences. After that, ask your student to read aloud his or her corrected answers.)

PART D_4