Column Discussion (Expert)｜コラムディスカッション（上級）Lesson5 : Negative Dog Training Methods Can Cause Long-Term Harm

PART A_1

Let’s learn vocabulary. Listen and repeat the words and the sentences with your tutor.

PART A_2

1.　punishment	/PUHN-ish-muhnt/
	-the fact of being punished, as for an offense or fault
	Human rights advocates are against severe forms of punishment.
2.　response	/ri-SPONS/
	-an answer or reply, as in words or some action
	He was given silent treatment as a response.
3.　latter	/LAT-er/
	-being the second mentioned of two
	Out of the two options, the team chose the latter.
4.　perform	/per-FAWRM/
	-to carry out; execute; do:
	To get a promotion, an employee must perform beyond what’s expected of him or her.
5.　cynical	/SIN-i-kuhl/
	-distrusting the motives of others
	She has always been cynical about dating.

PART B_1

Let’s read the article. Please read it aloud, and I will check your pronunciation and intonation.

PART B_2

Study suggests punishment-based training may cause harm to dogs

According to a recent study, punishment-based dog training can induce long-term harm to the animal.

An experiment that focused on domesticated dogs was conducted by the University of Porto in Portugal. The study compared aversive and reward-based dog training methods. In the former method, punishments such as shouting, pushing, or pulling the dog are given in response to the animal’s negative behavior. As for the latter method, rewards like treats and praises are given whenever the animal performs accordingly.

The research showed that the aversive training method causes stress-related behaviors in dogs. Higher levels of a stress-causing hormone called cortisol are also observed in the first group. Later in the experiment, the researchers added that the dogs that were trained using the aversive method showed cynical behaviors, unlike the dogs that were given reward-based training.

Moreover, other studies proved that food is the best form of reward for dogs. Researchers found out that petting and praising the animal are not as effective as food reward.

PART C_1

Let’s answer comprehension questions. Please answer them based on the article.

PART C_2

1.	What are the two training methods used in the study?
2.	What is cortisol?
3.	What is the most effective form of reward for dogs?

PART D_1

Let’s discuss the article. Please answer the questions below and express your opinions.

PART D_2

1.	What do you make of the findings of the study mentioned in the article?
2.	Do you agree that reward-based training is better?
3.	How can this study help animal training facilities?
4.	Do you believe that all animals should be trained by humans?
5.	If you were to train an animal, what methods would you use?

REVIEW AND FEEDBACK

Now, let us review the things that you learned in this lesson.

ではこのレッスンで学んだことを振り返りましょう。

(Please give a short feedback on how your student did on your class.)

	Grammar 文法	Pronunciation 発音	Vocabulary 単語	Comprehension 理解
GOOD	文法の誤りはほとんどなく、完全な文章で話すことができる	ほとんどの単語をはっきりと正しく発音することができる	習った表現を適切に使うことができる	文章を理解し、質問に正しく答えることができる
FAIR	文法の誤りはあるが、完全な文章で話すことができる	発音の練習が必要な言葉がいくつかある	たまにミスはあるが、習った表現を適切に使うことができる	文章を完全に理解するのは難しく、質問に正しく答えられないときもある
POOR	文章で話すのは難しく、単語だけで話すことができる	発音の練習が必要である	習った単語と表現を少しだけ使うことができる	文章を理解するのは難しく、質問に答えるのは難しい

TUTOR FEEDBACK

GRAMMAR
Good:	Was able to speak in complete sentences with minimal grammatical errors.
Fair:	Was able to speak in complete sentences with evident grammatical errors.
Poor:	Was able to speak using words only.
PRONUNCIATION
Good:	Was able to pronounce most of the words clearly and correctly.
Fair:	Mispronounced a few words.
Poor:	Mispronounced most of the words.
VOCABULARY
Good:	Used appropriate expressions learned in class.
Fair:	Used appropriate expressions learned in class and made a few errors in word choice.
Poor:	Used only a few words and expressions.
COMPREHENSION
Good:	Was able to understand the passages and answer the questions correctly.
Fair:	Had a little difficulty in understanding passages and answering questions.
Poor:	Had a hard time understanding passages and answering questions.

Parts of this lesson material are based on:
An article by Voice of America