TOEFL Task4 実践問題3

Poisonous animals can kill other living things by using poison. However, the poisonous substances inside their bodies do not affect them at all. They use one of the two basic strategies to avoid getting poisoned. Some animals use the first strategy wherein they keep the components of their poison in separate compartments. Others use the second strategy wherein they improve their bodies to become more resistant to poison.

Have you ever wondered how poisonous animals get to poison other living things but never themselves? In this lesson, we will be discussing the two basic strategies they use: securing the storage of toxins inside their bodies and gradually developing their ability to resist poison.

Let’s start with the first strategy. Some poisonous animals securely store the components of their poison inside their bodies. But why does it not affect them? Let’s use the bombardier beetle as an example. This kind of beetle prevents poisoning itself by keeping the components of its caustic spray in two different compartments located in its abdomen. When the components get mixed together, they create a violent chemical reaction that sends out caustic spray. The spray gets shot out of the glands but does not affect the beetle as it passes through a hardened chamber that protects the beetle’s organs.

The second strategy focuses on animals improving their ability to resist poison by producing special proteins that inactivate the toxin in their blood. Just like bombardier beetles, snakes also keep their venom in a special compartment located behind their eyes. However, as for snakes, they let a small amount of venom run throughout their bloodstream so they can strengthen their immunity to poison.

These two basic strategies help poisonous animals to be safe and immune to their own toxins.

A professor is talking about the reasons why poisonous animals do not poison themselves, the topic mentioned in the passage. According to the passage, poisonous animals prevent poisoning themselves by securely storing the toxic chemicals inside their bodies and developing their ability to resist poison. The professor gives two examples as to how poisonous animals prevent themselves from being poisoned. The first point in the passage explains that animals do not poison themselves because they keep the components of their toxins in two different chambers. The professor mentions that a bombardier beetle prevents poisoning itself by keeping the components of its caustic spray in two different compartments located in its abdomen. The second point in the passage explains that animals improve their bodies to become more resistant to poison. The professor mentions that animals produce special proteins to inactivate the toxin in their blood and they let a small amount of toxin to run throughout their bloodstream to strengthen their immunity.

Colorblindness is a condition where people cannot tell certain colors. Most people who are colorblind simply cannot differentiate colors. For example, they see blue as purple and pink. Humans make their own interpretations of colors through retinal cone cells found in humans’ eyes that respond to wavelengths of light reflected from objects that are different in colors. Meanwhile, colorblind people cannot form their own interpretations of colors because their eyes do not respond in the same way as those of people with normal vision.

Let’s talk about the speech by Bryan Kett who is colorblind. Colorblindness is a condition where people cannot tell certain colors. Kett explained in one of his speeches how and what people with colorblindness see. People with color blind simply cannot differentiate colors. For example, he sees green as reddish or brownish. While blue looks purple and pink. So, if you show him a green shirt, he would see it as brown but unsure of it. However, he is certain that it is not blue.

Humans make their own interpretations of colors through retinal cone cells found in humans’ eyes that respond to wavelengths of light reflected from objects that are different in colors. These cells pass information to the brain. So, people who have standard vision see different colors because their cones trigger in specific ratios which create a unique response that tells the specific color of the objects. Meanwhile, it is not the same case for colorblind people. Their cones are not in the same ratios which do not create a unique response. That is why they do not see the specific colors of the object.

A professor is talking about colorblindness, the topic mentioned in the passage. According to the passage, colorblindness is a condition where people cannot tell certain colors. The professor gives two examples of how and what do people with colorblindness see. The first point in the passage explains that most people who are colorblind simply cannot differentiate colors. The professor mentions that people with colorblindness see green as reddish or brownish and blue as purple and pink. So, if you show a colorblind person a green shirt, he or she would see it as brown. The second point in the passage explains that humans make their own interpretations of colors through retinal cone cells found in humans’ eyes that respond to wavelengths of light reflected from objects that are different in colors. Meaning, people with colorblindness do not trigger their cones in the same ratios. This is the reason why they do not see specific colors of objects.