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Grammar｜英文法
Lesson46 : Gerunds and infinitives　動名詞と不定詞

LESSON GOAL

In this material, you will practice using gerunds and infinitives in sentences.

PART A_1

Let’s read the dialogue. I will play Sam and you will play Alice.
Then, we’ll switch roles.
以下の会話文を読みましょう。最初に講師がSam、あなたがAliceの部分を読みます。終わったら交代しましょう。

PART A_2

Hey, Alice. You look tired.
I am. Working for more than eight hours a day is very tiring.
That’s true. Do you want me to cook something for you?
No, it’s okay. Cooking is my favorite thing to do at home.
I’m going out. Do you need anything from the supermarket?
No, I have all that I need in the kitchen.
I see. I have to go to the bookstore. I need to buy the materials I need for my school project.
Okay. I’ll cook dinner for us. Let’s eat when you get back.

PART A_3

Please answer the questions I’ll ask you about the dialogue.
講師が会話文について質問するので答えてみましょう。

PART A_4

1. What is very tiring for Alice?
Answer:
2. What is Alice’s favorite thing to do at home?
Answer:
3. Where does Sam have to go?
Answer:
4. What does Sam need to buy?
Answer:

PART B_1

Study the picture for 1 minute. Please answer the questions below.
１分間イラストを見ましょう。その後、以下の質問に答えてください。

PART B_2

beginner--gerund-and-infinitive---zel-highres
1. Who wants to go shopping?
Answer:
2. Where does Ash have to go?
Answer:
3. Why does Ash have to go to the museum?
Answer:

PART B_3

Let’s talk. Please answer my questions. You may ask questions, too.

会話練習をしましょう。講師が質問しますので答えてみましょう。また、講師に質問してみましょう。

PART B_4

1. Do you like to swim?
Answer:
2. Do you like to shop?
Answer:
3. Do you have to go to school on weekends?
Answer:
4. Do you think dancing is fun?
Answer:
5. Do you like eating fast food?
Answer:

REVIEW AND FEEDBACK

Now, let us review the things that you learned in this lesson.
(Please give a short feedback on how your student did on your class.)
Grammar
文法		 Pronunciation 発音 Vocabulary
単語		 Comprehension
理解
GOOD 文法の誤りはほとんどなく、完全な文章で話すことができる ほとんどの単語をはっきりと正しく発音することができる 習った表現を適切に使うことができる 文章を理解し、質問に正しく答えることができる

FAIR		 文法の誤りはあるが、完全な文章で話すことができる 発音の練習が必要な言葉がいくつかある たまにミスはあるが、習った表現を適切に使うことができる 文章を完全に理解するのは難しく、質問に正しく答えられないときもある

POOR		 文章で話すのは難しく、単語だけで話すことができる 発音の練習が必要である 習った単語と表現を少しだけ使うことができる 文章を理解するのは難しく、質問に答えるのは難しい
TUTOR FEEDBACK

GRAMMAR
Good: Was able to speak in complete sentences with minimal grammatical errors.
Fair: Was able to speak in complete sentences with evident grammatical errors.
Poor: Was able to speak using words only.
PRONUNCIATION
Good: Was able to pronounce most of the words clearly and correctly.
Fair: Mispronounced a few words.
Poor: Mispronounced most of the words.
VOCABULARY
Good: Used appropriate expressions learned in class.
Fair: Used appropriate expressions learned in class and made a few errors in word choice.
Poor: Used only a few words and expressions.
COMPREHENSION
Good: Was able to understand the passages and answer the questions correctly.
Fair: Had a little difficulty in understanding passages and answering questions.
Poor: Had a hard time understanding passages and answering questions.
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Expert Business Conversation: Retirement

READING ALOUD

Let’s read the dialogue. I will be Mr. Evans and you will be Mr. Newton. After reading it once, we’ll switch roles.
READ

 

Mr. Evans talks to Mr. Newton about his upcoming retirement.


Time really flies. I didn’t notice that I have been working in PharmaCare for 30 years!
 
Wow! Time is really fast when you enjoy what you are doing. I heard the news about your retirement, Mr. Evans. What are your plans?

I am planning to retire in the countryside. I have had enough of the city life so I’ll get some fresh air and spend time with my family when I retire.
 
That’s great! I hope I could also prepare well for my retirement. I’m happy that you’ll be able to spend time with your family, but we will miss working with you here in PharmaCare. You are really a great part of our success.

I will miss working with all of you, too. Working became easier with all of you being around. Thanks for keeping me in high spirits while working in PharmaCare.
 

I am glad you enjoyed working with us, Mr. Evans. You’ve been an inspiration to us all. Enjoy your retirement days and visit us anytime.

VOCABULARY CHECK
Let’s read the meaning and examples of each word aloud. Please repeat after me.
ANSWER
1. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 time flies (idiom)
a certain period has passed surprisingly quickly
Time flies when you are busy.
2. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 high spirits (noun)
extremely happy and having a good time

They are always in high spirits when they see each other.
3. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 be an inspiration to (phrase)
to be so good that someone else admires you and is encouraged by your behavior

The way he handled his expenses is an inspiration to us all.
CONVERSATION

Let’s talk. Please answer my questions. You may ask me questions, too.
ANSWER

1. Would you like to retire abroad or in your own country?
Answer: ________________
2. What is the retirement age in your country?
Answer: ________________
3. What would you like to do a week after you retired?
Answer: ________________
4. Who would you like to spend youre reitrement with? Why?
Answer: ________________
5. How would you prepare for your retirement?
Answer: ________________
6. What can you say about people who retire early?
Answer: ________________
7. At what age would you like to retire?
Answer: ________________
8. What are the things you’d like to accomplish before you retire? Why?
Answer: ________________
9. Would you like to retire in the city or in the countryside?
Answer: ________________
10. Would you miss working once you retire? Why or why not?
Answer: ________________

Expert Business Conversation: Working Abroad

READING ALOUD

Let’s read the dialogue. I will be Mr. Evans and you will be Mr. Santos. After reading it once, we’ll switch roles.
READ

 

Mr. Evans and Mr. Wilson flies to The Philippines to meet Mr. Santos of SaniMed Incorporated.


Good morning, Mr. Santos. I am Ron Evans, the marketing manager of PharmaCare, and this is John Wilson, the marketing supervisor. Thank you for sparing your time to meet us. So, shall we get down to business?
 
Good morning and nice to meet you, Mr. Evans and Mr. Wilson. Sure. I would like to ask about your production situation now. Can PharmaCare be able to provide us with a substantial number of medicines?
 

 
Provided that sufficient notice is given, we believe we have the capability to meet your needs. May I ask about the initial quantity that you need?
 
 
We would like an initial quantity of 400,000 boxes and additional 100,000 on a quarterly basis.
 

 
No problem, Mr. Santos. We could do that. So, I guess it is agreed then.
 

 
Definitely. Thank you, Mr. Evans and Mr. Wilson. It’s nice doing business with PharmaCare.
 

VOCABULARY CHECK
Let’s read the meaning and examples of each word aloud. Please repeat after me.
ANSWER
1. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 capability (noun)
the ability or power to do something
He has the capability to improve his performance at work.
2. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 sufficient (adjective)
as much as is necessary

They don’t have sufficient funds to improve the project.
3. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 quarterly (adverb)
happening four times a year

The units are delivered on a quarterly basis.
CONVERSATION

Let’s talk. Please answer my questions. You may ask me questions, too.
ANSWER

1. Have you ever been on a business trip abroad? Where did you go?
Answer: ________________
2. Have you experienced talking to foreigners about business?
Answer: ________________
3. Have you ever thought of working in another country?
Answer: ________________
4. If you would be given a chance to work abroad, what kind of job would you like to have?
Answer: ________________
5. In your country, do most people dream of working abroad?
Answer: ________________
6. Why do you think some people find it hard to talk to foreigners?
Answer: ________________
7. What problems do people in your country encounter when going abroad?
Answer: ________________
8. If you have the chance would you like to have a business abroad?
Answer: ________________
9. In which country would you like to have a business?
Answer: ________________
10. What are the important factors to consider when choosing a country to work in?
Answer: ________________

Eiken 2_12

DIRECTIONS

Read the passage silently for 20 seconds. Then, read the passage aloud in 1 minute starting from the title.

READ

Staying in a Hotel

These days, many people enjoy staying in a hotel. For most people, spending a few days in a hotel is a relaxing way to spend time with family and friends. Most hotels offer hotel facilities such as fitness gyms, swimming pools, and spas. Guests should try using these facilities, and in this way they can make their stay in a hotel enjoyable.

QUESTION 1

Please look at the passage.
According to the passage, how can guests make their stay in a hotel enjoyable?

ANSWER

QUESTION 2

Please look at the pictures and describe the situation.
Describe each picture in 2 sentences.
 
Your story should start with the following sentence:
One day, Ayami was talking to her daughter about staying in a hotel.

PICTURE

eiken-2-12---benette-highres

1st picture:
One day, Ayami was talking to her daughter about staying in a hotel.
____________________________________________________________.
2nd picture:
____________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________.
3rd picture:
____________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________.

QUESTION 3

Now, I will ask you the following question. Please give 2 reasons to support your answer.
Some people say that staying in a hotel is a waste of money.
What do you think about that?

ANSWER

I agree/disagree ____________________________________________________________.
_______________________________________________________________________________.

QUESTION 4

Now, I will ask you another question. Please give 2 reasons to support your answer.
Today, many people study foreign languages.
Do you study foreign languages besides English?

ANSWER

Yes/No ______________________________________________________________________.
_______________________________________________________________________________.

Expert Business Conversation: Investments

READING ALOUD

Let’s read the dialogue. I will be Mr. Evans and you will be Mr. Santos. After reading it once, we’ll switch roles.
READ

 

One Friday morning, Mr. Evans is meeting Mr. Santos to discuss his plans for investment.


Good morning, Mr. Santos. Thank you for coming on such short notice. Let’s get down to business, shall we? After a long night of decision-making, I’ve finally decided to invest in one of your Santos Royal Hotel branches here in the Philippines. I worked and earned hard for years and now it’s time to put it to a valuable cause.
 
I’m happy that you don’t want to miss this rare opportunity. Since you mentioned before that you’re new in hotel investments, my best advice is for you to invest in hotel rooms. These investments have a fixed term of five years. So, which one of my branches would you like to invest in?

Based on my research, you have a newly-built hotel branch in Batanes. It’s one of the marvelous vacation spots in the Philippines and your branch offers an amazing view that is perfect for relaxation and sightseeing. I would be happy to invest five hotel rooms there.
 
I see. I can guarantee that you’ll receive capital growth of 15% after five years of investment. Also, during the investment period, you’ll receive a fixed 8% yearly income. You don’t have to worry about guests accommodation. Everything is taken care of by our hotel management. You just have to collect your share of the revenue.

That’s great! Are there any risks that I should be worried about before investing five rooms in your hotel?
 

There are no risks. However, if you decide to sell the five rooms or break the contract before it’s complete, you will not fully receive your returned investment capital. I hate to end our meeting but I have to go now to meet my client. Thank you, Mr. Evans.

VOCABULARY CHECK
Let’s read the meaning and examples of each word aloud. Please repeat after me.
ANSWER
1. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 revenue (noun)
known as sales or turnover; an income of the business/investor during a particular time
He received a 10% revenue after two years
2. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 capital growth (noun)
money earned on an investment over a specific period of time

After she completed her four-year restaurant investment term, her capital growth increased at 15%.
3. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 get down to business (idiom)
to start doing something (Ex. Talking) seriously

Ms. Santos wants to get down to business in closing the deal with Mr. Evans.
CONVERSATION

Let’s talk. Please answer my questions. You may ask me questions, too.

講師の質問に答えましょう。講師にも同じ質問をしましょう。
ANSWER

1. If you are given the chance to invest, where would you invest your money and why?
Answer: ________________
2. Is investing better than saving?
Answer: ________________
3. Name some of the best business investments in your country.
Answer: ________________
4. Based on question number 3, would you like to invest in one of them?
Answer: ________________
5. Are investments worth it? Why or why not?
Answer: ________________
6. Have you received and investment advice? What advice is that?
Answer: ________________
7. If you were to ask an investment expert, what question/s would you like to ask?
Answer: ________________
8. If you were to invest a business with a famous person, who would that be and why?
Answer: ________________
9. Would you like to invest for your retirement? Why or why not?
Answer: ________________
10. Why should people have an investment as early as possible?
Answer: ________________

Eiken 2_11

DIRECTIONS

Read the passage silently for 20 seconds. Then, read the passage aloud in 1 minute starting from the title.

READ

Performing Arts

Nowadays, a lot of people are becoming interested in performing arts. The most common performing arts activities are dancing, singing, and acting. Some people do such activities, and by doing so they can share their talents and special skills with other people. They spend plenty of time to practice their performances, so they can give the best show to their audience.

QUESTION 1

Please look at the passage.
According to the passage, how can some people share their talents and special skills with other people?

ANSWER

QUESTION 2

Please look at the pictures and describe the situation.
Describe each picture in 2 sentences.
 
Your story should start with the following sentence:
One day, Kaori was talking to Yano about selling the tickets for her ballet show.

PICTURE

eiken-2-11---zel-highres (2)

1st picture:
One day, Kaori was talking to Yano about selling the tickets for her ballet show.
____________________________________________________________.
2nd picture:
____________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________.
3rd picture:
____________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________.

QUESTION 3

Now, I will ask you the following question. Please give 2 reasons to support your answer.
Some people say that hard work is more important than talent.
What do you think about that?

ANSWER

I agree/disagree ____________________________________________________________.
_______________________________________________________________________________.

QUESTION 4

Now, I will ask you another question. Please give 2 reasons to support your answer.
These days, many people save money to start their own businesses in the future.
Do you think this is a good idea?

ANSWER

Yes/No ______________________________________________________________________.
_______________________________________________________________________________.

GTEC – TEMPLATE

READING PRACTICE

Let’s read the following sentences. I will read part A, and you will read part B.

READ

A:
 (Question)
B:
 (Answer)

READ

A:
 (Question)
B:
 (Answer)

READ

A:
 (Question)
B:
 (Answer)

READ

A:
 (Question)
B:
 (Answer)

READ

A:
 (Question)
B:
(Answer)

READ

A:
 (Question)
B:
(Answer)

COMPREHENSION CHECK

Based on the given information, please answer the questions.

READ

(Table Title)

Title Author Sale Price
Force of the Wolves Sasha McGreen $ 8.99
Hunting Games Mark Anthony $ 7.99
The Green Clown Billy Wise $ 9.99

1. (Question)
Answer:
2. (Question)
Answer:
3. (Question)
Answer:
4. (Question)
Answer:
DESCRIBING PICTURES

Based on the series of pictures, make a short story.
You have 20 seconds to prepare and 60 seconds to answer.

DESCRIBE


(comics)

EXPRESSING OPINIONS

Express your opinion on the following topic. Give at least one reason to support your opinion. You have 60 seconds to prepare and 60 seconds to answer.

ANSWER

Question: (Topic). What do you think about that?
Answer:

[TOEFL] Task 4 Exercise_(TEMPLATE)

PASSAGE READING

Please read the passage silently for 45 seconds.
Then, please read the passage aloud.

45秒で以下の文章を黙読してください。その後、音読しましょう。

READ

passage

LECTURE READING

I will read aloud the lecture part. Please take down notes while I’m reading.
After that, please read aloud the lecture part.

講師が講義の一部を音読します。講師が読んでいる間にメモを取りましょう。
その後、音読してください。

READ

lecture

COMPREHENSION CHECK

Please answer the following questions about the dialogue.

講師が会話文について質問するので答えましょう。

 

Using the examples in the lecture, please explain (question/statement)

ANSWER

CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

Let’s check the sample answers. Please repeat after me.

解答例を見ます。講師に続いて読みましょう。

SAMPLE ANSWERS

A male professor is talking about
According to the reading passage,
The professor gives two examples
The first point in the reading passage explains that
The professor mentions that
The second point in the reading passage explains that
The professor mentions that

Intermediate Business Conversation: Giving Advice

READING ALOUD

Let’s read the dialogue. I will be Mr. Evans and you will be Ms. Watson. After reading it once, we’ll switch roles.
READ

 

Mr. Evans comes in and sees Ms. Watson who looks a bit sad.


Good morning, Ms. Watson. Is there something wrong? I think you should try to talk about it.
 
Good morning, Mr. Evans. Nothing much. I’m just thinking about resigning next month.
 

 
Why? If I were you, I would not do that. You are one of the best employees in the company. What seems to be the problem, Ms. Watson?
 
 
It’s about Mr. Newton. I don’t know how I can improve his performance. It is getting poor everyday.
 

 
I understand, but you need to think positively. It might be a good idea to let Mr. Newton observe everyone’s jobs in the office. Don’t worry. Everything will be fine.
 

 
I think that’s a good idea. I think I will also let him do easy tasks for now. I really hope his performance will improve very soon. Thanks, Mr. Evans.
 

VOCABULARY CHECK
Let’s read the meaning and examples of each word aloud. Please repeat after me.
ANSWER
1. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 resign (verb)
to officially tell your employer that you are leaving your job
He is planning to resign next year.
2. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 positively (adverb)
in a good or hopeful way

We should react positively to any situation.
3. Word:
Meaning:
Example:
 observe (verb)
to watch someone or something carefully

Children learn more when they observe other people.
CONVERSATION

Let’s talk. Please answer my questions. You may ask me questions, too.
ANSWER

1. Do you like giving advice? Why? Why not?
Answer: ________________
2. Do you often ask for advice? How often?
Answer: ________________
3. Do you always follow advice that other people give you? Why? Why not?
Answer: ________________
4. Have you ever given an advice to someone? How did it go?
Answer: ________________
5. Do you think it is important to ask for advice when starting a new job? Why?
Answer: ________________
6. What kind of advice would you give to someone who just started working?
Answer: ________________
7. How do you react when someone gives you advice that you did not ask for?
Answer: ________________
8. When was the last time you have given an advice to someone?
Answer: ________________
9. What’s the best advice that someone has given you?
Answer: ________________
10. From whom do you always ask for advice? (family/friends)
Answer: ________________

Beginner Business Conversation: Setting Priorities

READING ALOUD

Let’s read the dialogue. I will be Mr. Wilson and you will be Mr. Newton. After reading it once, we’ll switch roles.

会話文を読みましょう。講師がMr. Wilson、あなたはMr. Newtonのパートを読みます。読み終わったら交代しましょう。
READ

 

One Tuesday morning, Mr. Wilson and Mr. Newton are talking on which to prioritize on their work.


We only have two weeks left to finish your marketing research. Since I’m already helping you with it, we’ll be able to finish it this Friday. However, I also have other tasks to finish. If I concentrated on finishing them, we won’t be able to finish your research on time.
 
I agree. How about we prioritize my research in the morning and in the afternoon, we concentrate in doing our own tasks? That way, it will be easier for us to help each other since we’re on the same page. What do you think?

Hmm… I think it will work, but, shouldn’t you also prioritize in doing the presentation of our monthly sales goals? You’re going to present it tomorrow on our meeting and Ms. Carter will be there. I would like to help you but I already have lots of things to do.
 
Oh, right. I almost forgot the presentation. Don’t worry, I will finish it today. Ms. Watson agreed to help me.

That’s good to know. So, is everything good now? Do you think we can finish all our tasks on time?
 

I believe so. We just have to prioritize my research in the morning until it’s finished and then we can do our own tasks in the afternoon. We can do this!

VOCABULARY CHECK
Let’s read the meaning and examples of each word aloud. Please repeat after me.
単語の意味と例文を読みましょう。講師にあとに続いて読んでください。
ANSWER
1. Word:
 
Meaning:
Example:		 prioritize (verb：動詞)
優先させる
to decide which goals/tasks are the most important to do first

She must prioritize her research first since she will report it tomorrow.
2.Word:
 
Meaning:
Example:
 concentrate (verb：)
集中する
to give all your attention/focus in doing task/s

Mr. Newton must concentrate in finishing his research in less than a week.

3. Word:
 
Meaning:
Example:
 on the same page (idiom)：熟語
同じ見解を持つ
two or more people are thinking, doing and understand the same thing

Mr. Newton is on the same page with Ms. Watson in doing a business presentation.
CONVERSATION

Let’s talk. Please answer my questions. You may ask me questions, too.

講師の質問に答えましょう。講師にも同じ質問をしましょう。
ANSWER

1. What do you prioritize the most in your life? Why?
Answer: ________________
2. What do you prioritize the least? Why?
Answer: ________________
3. Whenever you prioritize, do you write it down or do you just simply memorize it?
Answer: ________________
4. Do you think it’s important to set priorities? Yes or no?
Answer: ________________
5. What do you feel whenever you achieved the thing/s you prioritize?
Answer: ________________
6. How many tasks/goals you think you can prioritize?
Answer: ________________
7. Can you concentrate well at work/school? Why or why not?
Answer: ________________
8. Do you often finish your tasks at work/school on time? Yes or no?
Answer: ________________
9. Were you able to finish doing the things you prioritize at work/school? Why or why not?
Answer: ________________
10. Do you think we can all live happily without setting and having priorities? Why or why not?
Answer: ________________

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